Calluses and corns are common skin formations characterized by localized thickening and hardening of the skin caused by repeated friction or pressure.

They occur more often in:

Older adults and people with darker skin tones
Women, due to wearing tight or uncomfortable shoes
Areas exposed to bony protrusions that constantly press against hard surfaces

Clinical Features

Typical signs of calluses and corns include:

Localized hard, thickened, or cracked skin
Pain, redness, or swelling (especially with corns or cracked calluses)
Sometimes secondary infection
Usually develop in areas of repeated friction or pressure

Common locations:
Palms, knuckles, sides of the feet, and soles.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made based on the clinical appearance and patient history. In most cases, no additional testing is required.

Treatment

The main goal of treatment is to reduce pressure and trauma to the affected skin area. A dermatologist creates an individual treatment and prevention plan.
Effective management may include:

Application of special creams or balms to soften the skin
Mechanical exfoliation (filing or using a pumice stone), ideally after soaking the affected area in warm water for about 10 minutes
Removal of the central core (in corns) with a specialized instrument
Wearing comfortable, non‑tight shoes
Using protective gloves during repetitive manual work
Separating the toes with soft cotton, wool, or orthopedic spacers to reduce friction
If the skin is cracked – applying protective dressings, moisturizing creams, or antibiotic ointments in case of infection

Proper daily skin care, wearing well‑fitted footwear, and avoiding prolonged friction are the best ways to prevent recurrence.